Fact Sheet About Poisoning From Ricin Toxin

Ricin is a potent toxin extracted from castor beans. There is a lot of fear and misinformation associated with this poison. The purpose of this fact sheet is to help separate fact from fiction regarding ricin poisoning. What Is Ricin? ). It is so powerful a poison that the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimate the lethal dose in humans is about the size of a grain of salt (500 micrograms injected or inhaled). How Is Ricin Used as a Poison? What Are the Symptoms of Ricin Poisoning? InhalationSymptoms from ricin inhalation would include coughing, shortness of breath, and nausea. Fluid would begin to accumulate in the lungs. Fever and excessive sweating would be likely. Low blood pressure and respiratory failure could lead to death. IngestionEating or drinking ricin would produce cramping, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea leading to extreme dehydration. Bleeding from the stomach and intestines would occur. The victim may experience hallucinations, seizures, and bloody urine. Eventually (usually after several days) the liver, spleen, and kidneys could fail. Death would result from organ failure. InjectionInjected ricin produces swelling and pain in the muscles and lymph nodes near the site of the injection. As the poison worked its way outward, internal bleeding would occur and death would result from multiple organ failure. How Is Ricin Poisoning Detected and Treated? How Does Ricin Work? What Should You Do If You Suspect Ricin Poisoning? If you believe you have been exposed to ricin you should move away from the location of the poison. Seek immediate medical attention, explaining to the medical professional that you believe you were exposed to ricin and the circumstances of the event. Remove your clothing. Cut off clothing rather than pulling it over your head, to minimize further exposure. Remove and discard contact lenses. Glasses may be thoroughly washed with soap and water and re-used. Wash your entire body with soap and water.

The Role Of Professional Networking And How It Can Assist...

Career Development: Networking Networking is an important part of career development and has been around for a many years. However, how individuals network has changed dramatically over the last few years with the inventions of social media sites like LinkedIn and Facebook. This paper will discuss the role of professional networking and how it can assist with career development. Networking Professional networking is about making and maintaining relationships with individuals who could benefit one’s career. By talking with individuals, getting to know more about them and their professional position, learning about their jobs and career experiences, and maintaining the relationships are all part of networking (PSU, 2015). There are multiple ways to network; individual face to face communication, through social media sites like LinkedIn and Facebook, or through professional organizations. One type of networking is used to gain information and knowledge about a particular career or job. For a student or someone who is changing career paths, just getting to know an individual in a position that is being sought is networking. Being able to garner information about that person’s experiences may be sufficient for the individual to know if that is a career path they want to follow, or conversely, the information gained may be sufficient enough for the ind ividual to know that it is a path they are no longer interested in (PSU, 2015). Networking most generallyShow MoreRelatedCareer Counseling Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesThe career services professional supports the educational mission of a college by assisting students to develop, evaluate, and pursue career aspirations with the goal of securing employment. Career services professionals accomplish these goals with a range of programs, counseling and services designed to help students make the connection between the academic environment and the workplace. 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The Secret Circle The Hunt Chapter 7 Free Essays

For a dance in the school gymnasium, the Spring Fling wasn’t bad. The walls were camouflaged with cheerful decorations and multicolored streamers. Twinkling lights hung from the ceiling like shooting stars. We will write a custom essay sample on The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The basketball hoops were tied back and filled with bright, pungent flowers – primroses, tulips, and chrysanthemums – masking the smell of adolescent sweat. The gym had been completely transformed. As promised, Adam had matched his bow tie to Cassie’s pink halter dress perfectly. She fiddled with its knot now, straightening it solely as an excuse to touch him. â€Å"Would you get me a glass of punch?† she asked. â€Å"Or else I might have to start kissing you.† Adam grinned. â€Å"I’ll be right back.† Cassie stood alone for a moment and gazed around the gymnasium. Everyone from the Circle had come except for Faye and Laurel, and Melanie, who thought Laurel would need moral support being cooped up with Faye. Cassie thought about giving them a call to check in and see how they were doing, but then Nick appeared before her. â€Å"You look beautiful,† he said. He’d caught Cassie by surprise, so she laughed, embarrassed. â€Å"Thank you. You don’t look half bad yourself.† Nick stared down at himself, wearing his regular jeans, T-shirt, and leather jacket. â€Å"I didn’t really dress for the occasion,† he said. â€Å"But this is a clean shirt, so I guess that’s something.† Cassie laughed again and a sudden warmth came to her cheeks. â€Å"Do you feel like dancing?† Nick asked. Cassie hesitated. An air of mischief crept into Nick’s face. â€Å"I’m only asking because I know you, Cassie Blake, came here with a very specific mission to have some fun tonight. I couldn’t let you go home a failure.† â€Å"Then how could I possibly say no?† Cassie allowed Nick to lead her onto the dance floor. Whatever song the band was playing was loud and boisterous, nothing Cassie recognized, but it felt good to let her guard down and just enjoy the music – to enjoy the simple pleasure of being a girl at a dance. Nick skipped and bopped about trying to amuse her. She knew he actually hated dancing and that this was all for her benefit. Cassie appreciated the effort and followed his lead, synchronizing her steps to his until together they were making quite a scene. From the dance floor Cassie saw that Adam had returned with her punch, and Diana was behind him with a glass for herself. Nick dashed for them, took the cups from their hands to set them aside, and then pulled them onto the dance floor, too. Deborah and Suzan were quick to join in, and before Cassie knew it, Nick had single-handedly altered the energy of the whole group. They were all being silly, rambunctiously bumping into their classmates on the dance floor, infuriating them in the process. It made Cassie remember when she and Nick were together, and how sometimes his refusal to take anything seriously was just the thing she needed to get out of her own head and start having a good time. Then the music changed to a slow song – one of Cassie’s favorites. She looked at Adam, hoping he would ask her to dance, but she noticed his attention was elsewhere. He was watching someone. â€Å"Max is here,† he said. â€Å"Act natural.† â€Å"Whatever that means,† Nick mumbled under his breath. He turned around and cut through the crowd toward the punch bowl. Their merriment was nothing more than a lingering memory. â€Å"It’s supposed to be our night off,† Suzan said, pouting. â€Å"Remember? No policing tonight.† But Cassie knew it was only a matter of time before the Spring Fling became about Circle business, just like everything else. Come to think of it, she was surprised it had taken this long. The group dutifully exited the dance floor and gathered near the back wall. Max sauntered over to them with his usual air of confidence. He was dressed in a black shirt, black pants, and a necktie as brilliantly green as his eyes. â€Å"Hey,† he said, greeting Diana first, as always. â€Å"Is Faye around? I can’t find her.† â€Å"Didn’t she tell you?† Diana said. â€Å"Faye’s got a terrible cold.† â€Å"Oh,† Max said, disappointed. â€Å"No, I didn’t know. She hasn’t answered any of my calls.† When Max pouted, his features softened, bringing out the boyish charm to his face. Diana frowned sympathetically. â€Å"Don’t take it personally. She’s been knocked out on decongestants since yesterday. I bet she turned her phone off.† Cassie couldn’t tell if Max was buying Diana’s story or not. She thought he looked more confused than skeptical, but Diana must have sensed some suspicion in him because she didn’t stop there. â€Å"Just because Faye’s not here doesn’t mean your night should be ruined,† Diana said to him. Max cracked a sideways, hopeful smile. â€Å"Dance with me,† Diana said. And before Max could even react, she grabbed him by the arm and hurried him to the dance floor. The band was still playing a slow song, so Diana clasped her arms around the back of Max’s neck and let him hold her lower back. Max gazed into Diana’s eyes as if he couldn’t believe his good fortune. All his arrogance and swagger had given way to a sturdy modesty, and he held Diana with care. Faye was the furthest thing from his mind, Cassie was sure of that. â€Å"I know we want to keep an eye on Max,† Adam said. â€Å"But this is ridiculous.† Cassie noticed Adam’s jaw tighten as he watched the couple dance. Diana was laughing, squeezing Max close, having what appeared to be a pretty good time. Cassie wouldn’t dare say so to Adam, but she couldn’t help but sense Diana wasn’t thinking about the Circle anymore. A few minutes later, Chris, Doug, and Sean turned up at Cassie’s side. â€Å"Do you see what I see?† Chris asked, and Cassie followed his gaze to the opposite side of the gym. It was Mr. Boylan, standing with his arms crossed in a finely cut dark suit, his gaze locked on Max and Diana on the dance floor. â€Å"He looks like he’s about to kill someone,† Doug said. â€Å"What should we do?† Just then Mr. Boylan turned the other way and stormed out of the gym. â€Å"Follow him,† Cassie said. The three of them – Chris, Doug, and Sean – bolted toward the exit without a moment’s hesitation. Cassie saw from the look on his face that Adam was anxious to join them. â€Å"This is my chance to search Mr. Boylan’s office,† he said. â€Å"For his relic.† So much for a night off, Cassie thought. But if Adam could steal Boylan’s relic from him it would be the equivalent of robbing him of his power. He couldn’t perform the killing curse without it. Cassie grazed Adam’s cheek with her hand and nodded. â€Å"It’s a good idea, but you shouldn’t go alone. You’ll need a lookout.† â€Å"We’ll go,† Deborah said. She and Suzan stepped forward, a little too anxiously. â€Å"We’ve been itching for something interesting to happen all night. Or at least I have.† She acknowledged Suzan, who was still sulking about being pulled from the dance floor. â€Å"Be careful,† Cassie said, as if it were an order. She was still a Circle leader, after all. â€Å"I’ll keep an eye on Diana and Max.† Adam gave Cassie’s hand a squeeze and then took off. Deborah and Suzan followed him toward the hallway that led to Mr. Boylan’s office. Cassie allowed herself a moment to breathe, to remind herself that though everything was suddenly happening so fast, it was all under control. Her control. Then Nick materialized from the crowd with another glass of punch for Cassie. â€Å"I’m pretty sure it’s not spiked,† he said. â€Å"But at this rate I think we can both at least count on a sugar high.† Then he noticed the expression on Cassie’s face. â€Å"What’s going on?† His dark brown eyes darted back and forth. â€Å"Where is everyone?† â€Å"Chris, Doug, and Sean are tailing Boylan. Adam, Deborah, and Suzan are searching his office.† â€Å"I thought we were here to take it easy,† Nick said. â€Å"Change of plan.† Cassie scoped the gymnasium for Diana’s blond hair and Max’s broad shoulders, but they’d gotten lost in the swarm of students. â€Å"Do you see Diana anywhere?† Nick inspected every couple on the dance floor then shook his head. â€Å"It’s too crowded. But I have an idea.† He ran to the punch table and, to the dismay of the servers, climbed up on top of it for a better view. He scanned the room back and forth and then he froze in place. His sharp features turned deathly serious. â€Å"Cassie,† he whispered, and jumped down. But before he could utter another word, Cassie caught sight of a wild mane of dyed-red hair. It was no hallucination this time. No paranoia. Right in the center of the crowd was Scarlett. Nick looked ready to pounce, but he didn’t move a muscle. â€Å"She’s casting a spell,† he said. Scarlett’s arms were rigid at her sides and her eyes were as black as marbles. She was muttering something under her breath, obviously some kind of dark magic. â€Å"We have to get you out of here,† Nick said. â€Å"Right now!† Cassie was smart enough not to argue. She and Nick rushed toward the nearest exit, but suddenly everyone around them started to act odd. Their necks went soft and their heads drooped down. Their classmates had all fallen into a stupor. Nick shot a look at Cassie. â€Å"What the heck is going on?† He positioned himself between Cassie and the nearest group blocking the exit. Whatever Scarlett was doing seemed to be affecting everyone but Cassie and Nick. But it soon became clear that their classmates were simply collateral damage. With them out of the way, Scarlett now had a clear shot at her intended target. She redirected all her wicked mumbling straight at Cassie: Spirant ultimus spiritus Ultimus spiritus vitae Suddenly all the air rushed out of Cassie’s lungs and she couldn’t inhale any more in. It was like a clamp had fastened around her throat, blocking her breath. She brought her hands to her neck and turned to Nick. There was no breath to enable a scream. Nick ran to her as if it were a simple piece of food lodged in her throat, as if the Heimlich maneuver could save her – but there was nothing he could do. And with their stupefied classmates crowding every exit, there was no way to escape. Cassie’s head spun from the lack of oxygen. She reached out for Nick as she fell to the gymnasium floor. How to cite The Secret Circle: The Hunt Chapter 7, Essay examples

Oil & Gas Exploration - Production - and Distribution

Question: The Impact of the Oil and Gas Exploration/Production/Distribution on the Environment. As an environmental consultant, your role is to provide guidelines and information on issues related to the impact of the oil and gas exploration, production and distribution on the environment. Analyse and discuss how this kind of impact can be prevented, if not, minimised. Answer: Introduction Oil and gas exploration is the process of searching hydrocarbon production under the earths services, which are mainly known as petroleum products. This process has to be in existence for over a century to sustain the demand of petroleum products that are used in several tasks. Hydrocarbon exploration is categorised in the branch of petroleum geology, which is among the largest mining exploratory processes. Different oil and gas exploration methods are currently exercised in this particular field to ensure that the extraction of petroleum is successful. For any particular areas to be subjected to the exploration, various processes must be undertaken to prove that there are high levels of hydrocarbon deposits. Some of these processes include; magnetic survey, gravity survey and seismic reflection to check whether the sub-surface geology is in large amounts (Howard et al., 2014). Despite the numerous advantages of oils and gas exploration in the community, there are some negative impacts on the environment. Based on previous research work, the entire process of oil exploration, production and distribution have posed several dangers to the environment, thus causing water, air, and soil pollution. The community has been focusing more on the importance of petroleum production, thus forgetting to handle the negative impacts experienced. Some environmental organisations have developed interventions to deal with such issues, but these plans and methods have gained little support from the authorities (Mariano and La Rovere, 2007). Therefore, this paper will outline the negative effects of exploration, production, and distribution of oil and gas on the atmosphere, specifically of air pollution. Environmental impacts on air pollution During the exploration of the oil and gas exploration, some emissions reduce the quality of the air in the surrounding environment. These emissions are as a results dust produced from the vehicles moving around the place, earth movers used, seismic surveys, testing, and completion of the wells. There are also pollutants that are emitted into the space such as nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxide, particulates, carbon monoxide among other volatile organic compounds. Some of these compounds combine to create ground ozone such as the volatile organic compounds and the nitrogen oxides (Jean-Pierre and Favennec, 2011). Dangers are also posted by the distribution processes, which includes the piping leakages and spillages from trucks. Fire tragedies have been frequently observed as a result of these spillages, thus leading to the emission of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. In the petroleum production firms, the refining process of turning crude oil into petroleum products leads to the emission of toxins into the environment that is dangerous to the living things (TEEIC, 2014). The machines that are used in the exploration and production companies produces a lot of sounds that caused to noise pollution. People living in these areas are at risk of suffering from hearing problems because these sounds are unfriendly. Blasting, seismic activities, drilling, earth movers and traffic are among the sources of the noise. Carbon dioxide is produced in the process of burning gasoline, thus increasing the volume of greenhouse gases atmosphere, which increases the rate of global warming. The natural oil and gas processes lead to the emission of methane gas into the environment, due to incomplete combustion. Although, the rate of oil and gas combustion cannot be compared with coal, carbon dioxide, and methane gases are emitted in the processes. Based on environmental research works, methane contributes the highest percentage of air pollution in the society. Other hazardous air pollutants result from the oil and gas operation such as certain hydrocarbons and sulphide. Among these compounds, benzene is included, which is known as a human carcinogen. Benzene has been detected in several areas around natural gas production such as in Colorado and Texas, thus concluding that it is emitted in these particular processes (Kharaka and Dorsey, 2005). Formaldehyde is another hazardous pollutant that is emitted by compressors engines, and it has been perceived as a factor contributing to health issues, although there little studies that have correlated such pollutants with societal effects. Due to the air pollution resulted in air and oil operations, the neighbourhood residents have reported complaints from residents about cases such as dizziness, skin irritation, headaches, neurological and respiratory problems (Nasen, Noble, and Johnstone, 2011). The effects discussed above are the most experienced air pollution sourced from gas and oil operations. Ministries that are dealing with the exploration, production and distribution of oil and gases are working on projects that can reduce these negative effects in the society. Technology improvements in these operations are the only refuge, which can be used to lower the intensity of the effects perceived from these activities (Khan and Islam, 2007). Preventive measures for the impacts The operational processes of the oil and gas exploration, production and distribution activities should be reviewed to create more proactive and effective methods that are less harmful to the environment. Pollution prevention is a task that should be undertaken through a combination of efforts between the producers, government, and the private sector (Matanovic, Gaurina-Medimurec and Simon, 2013). Several methodologies can be used to reduce the effects of poisonous emissions to the atmosphere and noise pollution that disturbs the residents. Achieving a pollution-free environment, the society will be cleaner and eco-efficient (Exploration and Production, 2016). The atmospheric emissions have been reduced through the adoption of the latest and improved technologies that have been developed by engineering researchers (Xu et al., 2015). These technological developments have been conducted in search for better approaches to reducing the emissions, which will reduce the rate of air pollution from the oil and gas operations (E. Ite et al., 2013). Firstly, the technological improvements in the valve design and maintenance systems have reduced emissions fugitive contents. Also, improved design of the flare has raised the combustion efficiency, reducing the chance of harmful gases being emitted. The turbines gas have been made more efficient after consideration of their optimizations (Mariano and La Rovere, 2007). Other effective technologies have been generated to improve the power efficiency in the exploration, production and distribution processes. Some of these technologies are; compressor and pump optimisation, heat recovery for waste, electric power distribution, steam injection, and combined cycle generation among other technologies. Some of these improvements will help reduce noise pollution, which has been previously could by generators, compressors and explosions among others. For instance, if machines that are using fuel are replaced with those customised for electricity, the sound produced will be reduced. Technologies that are improving the efficiency of combustion are also being introduced into the industry. For instance, combustion of nitrogen oxides has been improved by the introduction of selective catalytic reduction technology and dry low NOx technology (Khan and Islam, 2007). The emission of carbon oxides into the atmosphere can also be prevented by employing some approaches into the storage and distribution of the petroleum products. For instance, cases of spillages on the piping systems should be reduced by creating an efficient maintenance system. Therefore, the probability of experiencing fire explosion caused by oil spillages in the pipes will be minimized. It is through the reduction of the fire tragedies when the amounts of carbon oxides emitted into the atmosphere will be reduced. Transportation of oil products by roads should be minimized, especially for long distance to reduce the cases of accidents that lead to explosions. It is the responsibility of all the government and the organisations dealing with oil and gas to ensure that they are operating under safe basis. Otherwise, these will be a lot of environmental effects that lead to discomfort for the residents and the world as a whole (Matanovic, Gaurina-Medimurec and Simon, 2013). Some of the effects such as global warming are long-term and without control, the side effects might outdo the benefits. More technological developments are required to solve the remaining of air pollution caused by oil and gas operations. Intentional emission of poisonous gas contents into the atmosphere should be condemned and violators judged under the law. Efficient technological approach The community has suffered a lot of negative effects caused by oil and gas operations. There are specific technological approaches that can be used to minimize the effects of petroleum exploration and its usage. The drilling technologies can be made efficient, thus reducing effects such as noise pollution to the society (E. Ite et al., 2013). Technological approaches can be developed to capture hazardous gases emitted from the process. Such of these technologies might include processes which mix these gases with other compounds to form useful of non-harmful substances. Currently, scientists have concentrated on creating cars, which do not depend on fuel to operate. Other sources of energy such as the sun and electricity have been the main focus for the scientists. It has not been clearly identified how the energy can be stored and made efficient for the vehicles. If such technological developments are created, the society will experience a cleaner environment, without pollution caused by emitted gases from motors that use petroleum. Technological methods of controlling and monitoring the oil and gas firms should be developed and implemented. Human beings will always make errors and there some mistakes that will always be assumed, but they cause a lot of effect to the environment. For instance, the setting of a valve might not be accurately configured, thus letting emission of large amounts of hazardous particles into space. In contrast, using a programmed software that has monitored certainty levels, it will be easy to identify errors in the configuration of the delicate sections (Bahadori, 2014). Emergencies will also identify effectively, thus enhancing the response speed and time. All these technological approaches will be economical, socially and environmentally effective. Monitoring scheme Projects and schemes that have been implemented need to be monitored and evaluated to be informed about the progress conditions. The stakeholders are responsible for generating the monitoring scheme, which is the government, investors in the oil and gas operations and the environmental protection association. For the case of the effective technological approaches, there should be monitoring schemes that evaluate every aspect. For instance, development of electric or solar cars can be monitored by the technological body that has implemented the idea, with the assistance of the respective governments. Secondly, installation of technological systems that controls the exploration, production and distribution processes will be monitored by the respective managements. A maintenance system should be created to reduce the chances of failures that may pose a great danger to the environment. In every technological approach created towards the air pollution led by oil and gas operations, an eff ective monitoring scheme should be developed to maintain the efficiency and effectiveness of the processes. Critical analysis of Refining, Marketing Retail Distribution The refining process of the stage when the crude oil is processed into usable products for the customer/consumers. These final products include jet oil, gasoline, heating oil, and diesel among others. The oil refining processes include several activities such as catalytic reforming, vacuum distillation, alkylation, hydrotreating, catalytic cracking, and isomerization. Natural gas is also processed through glycol hydration, amine treating, and compression processes. This method separates the mixtures of the compounds to form the required natural gases, which are then stored separately. Some of the gases that are formed from the petroleum include butane, ethane, isobutane, propane, and natural gasoline among others. Through the marketing channels, these petroleum products are marketed and purchased from the companies or distributed nearer to the customers. The main transportation channels include tanker, pipeline, rail, and truck. Pipelines are cost efficient and economical for long di stance although truck and rail are used such situations. Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion, oil and gas operations should be performed safely to minimize negative effects on the environment. Individuals who are involved in the oil and gas business should understand the environmental impacts of all the operations so that they can develop solutions for the benefit of the community. Therefore, it will be profitable to implement the existing preventive measures as more research results are being generated to provide solutions to underlying problems. The technological approaches for reducing the negative effects discussed above should be implemented and monitored for maximum outcomes in the oil industry. The government should develop policies, which firmly protect the environment against industrial emissions. This approach will help control recklessness on the oil and gas operations. References Bahadori, A. (2014). Pollution control in oil, gas and chemical plants. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Ite, A., J. Ibok, U., U. Ite, M. and W. Petters, S. (2013). Petroleum Exploration and Production: Past and Present Environmental Issues in the Nigerias Niger Delta. ENV, 1(4), pp.78-90. Exploration and Production. (2016). Oil and Energy Trends, 41(2), pp.26-26. Howard, R., Wells, C., Michot, T. and Johnson, D. (2014). Effects of Disturbance Associated With Seismic Exploration for Oil and Gas Reserves in Coastal Marshes. Environmental Management, 54(1), pp.30-50. Jean-pierre favennec, N. and Favennec, J. (2011). OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION 3RD EDITION. Paris: Technip. Khan, M., and Islam, R. (2007). True sustainability in technological development and natural resource management. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Kharaka, Y. and Dorsey, N. (2005). Environmental issues of petroleum exploration and production: Introduction. Environ. Geosci. 12(2), pp.61-63. Mariano, J. and La Rovere, E. (2007). Oil and gas exploration and production activities in Brazil: The consideration of environmental issues in the bidding rounds promoted by the National Petroleum Agency. Energy Policy, 35(5), pp.2899-2911. Maslennikov, S. and Potapov, S. (2004). Gas-Distribution Stations and Means of Their Automation. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 40(3/4), pp.138-142. Matanovic, D., Gaurina-Medimurec, N. and Simon, K. (2013). Risk analysis for prevention of hazardous situations in petroleum and natural gas engineering. Pennsylvania: IGI Global. Nasen, L., Noble, B. and Johnstone, J. (2011). Environmental effects of oil and gas lease sites in a grassland ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(1), pp.195-204. Natural Gas Production. (2013). Oil and Energy Trends, 38(8), pp.29-31. Natural Gas Production. (2014). Oil and Energy Trends, 39(1), pp.24-26. Shannon, P. (1993). Oil and gas in Ireland - exploration, production, and research. FB, 11(1272). TEEIC, (2014). Oil and Gas Exploration Impacts. [Online] Teeic.indianaffairs.gov. Available at: https://teeic.indianaffairs.gov/er/oilgas/impact/explore/index.htm [Accessed 17 Jul. 2016]. Xu, B., Bai, Y., Chen, G. and Feng, R. (2015). The impact of engineering parameters on shale oil and gas production: theory and practice. "Proceedings" of "Oil Gas Scientific Research Projects" Institute, SOCAR, (2), pp.24-31.

Demonstration of Architectural Creativity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Demonstration of Architectural Creativity. Answer: Introduction: The colosseum was designed and constructed with the main aim of hosting gladiator shows coupled with a taste of beauty and style. The amphitheater and the shows it hosted were a symbol of roman culture management (Hopkins 2011). It was meant to be the largest the largest amphitheater in the Roman world with a crowd capacity of around 50,000 people. The entire building was a marvel, located in the middle of the city of Rome. The construction of the building began during the reign of Vespasian and ended when his son was on the reign in 80 AD. The arena is oval shaped and features a storied concrete building complete with rows of seats. Under the arena, there was provision of all services required for the shows such as animal cages, tools and stores(Coarelli 2007). Normally, a fence would be raised when wild animals were inside the arena so as to prevent the animals from ambushing spectators. The designed incorporate the construction of an underground passage linking the gladiator training school and the theatre for easy access. Glistening gold shields were used to decorate the top of the exterior of the structure. The exterior entrances were arched and the supporting columns were semi-circular. The styles of the columns varied depending on the story with i.e. the top columns were of ornate Corinthian order while the bottom were of simple Doric order. The colosseum was very different from other Greek and Roman Public buildings(Hopkins 2011). The exterior of the colosseum was a demonstration of architectural creativity coupled with beauty while the interior provided a platform for the showcase of Roman culture and sports. The colosseum stood as an icon of architectural design in the roman empire and its design was imitated throughout the empire(Welch 2007). Decoration V Purity of Form/Space Christian Gothic Churches such as the York Minster in the United Kingdom were made to inspire awe and reverence as a place of worship. The churches were grand and tall, graciously sweeping upwards with style, height. Gothic is derived from a tribe that was the epitome of power in Europe, the Goths. One of the most Iconic features of the style in Gothic churches was the pointed arches ribbed vaults. The ribbed vaults were shaped like the inside of a boat, hence believed to be a symbol representing the church as the place where Christians journey takes place(Spanswick 2014). The link between the Gothic structures and God is striking. Their grandiose nature was for the glory of God. Every rib vault is a symbol of a theological idea and each blind arcade represented a shrine of faith(Meades 2011). The smaller buildings were built of poor material compared to the larger ones that were better but still built based on the available resources and regional precedent management. The architectural style of the buildings was based on the ritual functions of the cathedrals as the seat of a bishop. It is in this churches that Christian practices such as bible reading, offering of prayers, celebration of the Eucharist, preaching of sermons and singing of hymns. Externally, the churches were decorated architecturally by use of tracery, arcading, columns and moldings(Wikipedia 2017). For churches that were made out of stone, sculptures were the most predominant form of decoration. The forbidden City was designed to be an icon of the imperial power and a reflection of philosophical and religious principle(Wikipedia 2017). It was to be the centre of the ancient Beijing City and was supposed to serve as the political and ritual capital of the ancient China. This made the architectural designers to follow the Confucian ideology that was responsible for holding the social fabric of the Chinese together. The layout of the city was such that the activities that were to be conducted were based on the participants social role. Ones position in the royal family determined their place in the courts of the Forbidden City(Peng 2015). The designers choice of architectural style featured the Chinese sense of society hierarchy. There designs relied on the state building standards of the 11th Century that provided design specification for different types of buildings depending on the social status in Chinese society(Peng 2015). The inner court had the residences of the servants, the relatives of the emperor and the emperor himself. There was an increase in the elevation as one moved towards the centre of the Forbidden City. The increase symbolized the emperors power(Jarzombek and Prakash 2010). The outer court was mainly for the public and the associated public ceremonies. Some of the symbolic designs incorporated in the Forbidden City include the use of yellow colour which was the emperors colour. This was evidenced by the use of yellow glazed tiles for roofing. Both the St. Peters Basilica and the Tempietto were part of the renaissance architecture. Renaissance architecture was practiced in Europe between the 14th and 17th centuries. In terms of style, it borrows from the previous Gothic architecture. The renaissance architecture emphasizes on the geometry, symmetry, regularity and proportion of parts. Elements of the building are arranged in an orderly manner and there was increased use of hemispherical domes niches, and semicircular arches. The use of renaissance architecture provided a platform for rational engagement with architecture management when people can engage and understand it more. The Tempietto was a perfect embodiment of this style of architecture designed by Bramante. The major emphasis is on the harmony of the proportions, the sobriety of the Doric order and the simplicity of the volumes. The plan section is circular, representing divine protection(Flon and Chambers 1984). The central dome of the St. Peters Basilica is conspicuous in Rome. The St. Peters square approaches the basilica with tall colonnades. The basilica is located at the other end of the square and is complete with huge columns. The long axis in the basilica is mainly focused onto the pulpit(Haris and Zucker 2014). In both buildings, the wall are decorated with columns blind arches and pediments. In the renaissance architecture, elements can be spilt into precision. For example, both of the buildings discussed have facades that can be split symmetrically about the vertical axis. Renaissance Symmetry and portioning is evident throughout the entire structure for example, the arches and the system of pilasters can be proportioned. The position of the windows and columns indicate progression to the middle. The design of the pilgrimage church by Balthasar in Bamburg, Germany relied on the Baroque architecture. Baroque style of architecture started in the 16th Century and provided more insight into the form, light and dramatic intensity. It focused on emotion and senses as an approach to design and understanding of architecture. Neumann used a complex plan section that looked like a cross with a series of ovals(Kleiner 2013). The ceiling of the cathedral was provided with large window openings that would allow natural light to illuminate the interior. This was supplemented by the windows that also allowed light into the building. This light provided a spectacular sandstone faade to anyone inside the building together with a glorious and warm ambience. Construction of the pilgrimage church was started in 1743 and was completed in 1774. The interior of the building was a product of baroque architecture. The facades were highly decorated together with many curves. The Baroque style appeals to the emotions and feelings of the users and also provide a statement of wealth. More attention is paid to the decoration of a building rather than to the structures for support. The building is an architecture of joy, where there is complete illumination of the interior causing the beauty of the decorating columns to be visible to all, the alter is grand and stands triumphantly as a symbol of authority(Smith 1990). Historical Origins V Contemporary Innovation Colonial architecture was used by the first settlers in North America. The immigrants were from England and other European countries hence resulting to mixed concepts of architecture adopted depending on ones country of origin. Between 1770-1700, the Georgian style of architecture was the mainly used. It was a mongrel of the baroque, Neoclassical and Renaissance architecture. The White House, located in the United States capitol is an example of the Georgian architecture. The architects of this period(colonial) relied heavily on Old world architecture(Wikipedia 2017). Thomas Jefferson was one of the first architects who tried to come up with a unique design after the revolution war. He began a precedence of modifying old structures for modern use as can be seen in his design of the capital building in Richmond. Jefferson based his design on the Maison Carree, an ancient Roman building in Nimes, France(Kukla and Kukla 2005). He brought a new wave of neoclassicism that tainted the Georgian Architecture with the history of colonialism. Another of Jeffersons revolutionary architecture was the Monticello House. He borrowed from Andrea Palladio architectural designs. The building has four Tuscan columns, a dome, and central hall illuminated by natural light from above. Benjamin Latrobe was a strong proponent on stylistic purity in architectural design. He based his work on the Greek revival architecture(Cotter, Roberts and Parrington 1992). He designed the Bank of Pennsylvania in the state of Philadelphia in 1801 using this style. The design followed that of the iconic temples of Greece. Post revolution architecture was mixed. No one particular architectural style was followed. Each designer base his designed depending on their preference. Though some borrowed styles from other countries, some bold architects like Thomas Jefferson set out to come up with unique designs that would define the new nation. Bibliography Coarelli, Filippo. 2007. Rome and Environs: An Archeological Guide. Translated by James J Clauss and Daniel P Harmon. Berkley: University of California Press. Cotter, John L, Daniel G Roberts, and Michael Parrington. 1992. Buried Past:An Archeological History of Philadelphia. 1st. Harrisburg: University of Pennsylvania Press. Flon, Christine, and James Chambers, . 1984. The World Atlas of Architecture. Mitchell Beazley. Haris, Beth, and Stevene Zucker. 2014. Khan Academy. Accessed October 23, 2017. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/renaissance-reformation/high-ren-florence-rome/bramante/a/bramante-etal-saint-peters-basilica. Hopkins, Keith. 2011. BBC-History. March 22. Accessed October 22, 2017. https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/colosseum_01.shtml. Jarzombek, Mark M, and Vikramaditya Prakash. 2010. A Global History of Architecture. 2nd. John Wiley Sons. Kleiner, Fred S. 2013. Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Global History. 14th. Boston: Clark Baxter. Kukla, Amy, and Jon Kukla. 2005. Thomas Jefferson: Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Rosen Publishing. Meades, Jonathan. 2011. The Guardian. September 10. Accessed October 23, 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/sep/10/gothic-buildings-architecture. Peng, Ying-Chen. 2015. Khan Academy. Accessed October 23, 2017. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/south-east-se-asia/china-art/a/forbidden-city. Smith, G E Kidder. 1990. Looking at Architecture. New York: Harry N Abrams. Spanswick, Valerie. 2014. Khana Academy. Accessed October 23, 2017. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/latin-western-europe/gothic1/a/gothic-architecture-an-introduction. Welch, Katherine E. 2007. The Roman Amphitheatre: From Its Origins to the Colosseum. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Romanesque Architecture vs. Gothic Architecture free essay sample

Whether it was in its distinctive windows, unique exterior and interior designs, or any of the other myriad architectural features, Romanesque and Gothic architecture are identifiable if one can distinguish the two types of styles. It was the age of the development of Romanesque and Gothic Architecture where the battle began to reach greater and higher achievements. During this new development a new task was held that gave a new appreciation for light, during the medieval age many structures were built sheltered and isolated from the world outside.The inside of these buildings would seem dark and on some occasions moldy. With the development of new structures the idea for these new Gothic structures was to make a more pleasant place to be. By allowing higher and grander windows it allowed more light in these usual dark places, it removed many issues with mold and eliminated the use of open doors on raining days. We will write a custom essay sample on Romanesque Architecture vs. Gothic Architecture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was a great achievement for the new structures and it was a feature that remained with them throughout time. However many were not so focused on the idea of an open and airy concept.The Romanesque buildings are known for their straight and boxy appearance. In Roman structures the walls were large and thick and had to create smaller windows as to not weaken to walls with large gaps. The Civic Hall in Massa Marittima, Italy has a very popular boxy appearance, and is limited on large or thick windows. By making these windows lean and tall it allowed for light while maintain a strong and sturdy fortress. It was a trait that allowed for simplicity and convenience for both styles of building and was in time considered the norm for both of their establishments.To consider these fortresses and churches as the norm could be understatement for such ginormous master pieces. With gothic structures it is very easy to identify typical features for these unique buildings, everyone can say the vaulted ceilings and large towers, but it’s the small detail that makes it all flow together. Gargoyles have been apart Gothic structures since the beginning being both practical and intimidating. Originally their use was to sprout out water from the roof tops and to flow them to the street below, but for unreligious citizens it was to motivate them in to the safety of church.With a world filled with fear and superstitions it was the perfect way to lure people into the safety with the stone cold glares. (Morris) By allowing such a positive and protective presence in the center it draws your attention away from the demons above; allowing for an excellent way to attractive its citizens to the safety of insideAlthough in stocking fear was a tactful tool, the Romanesque style of detailed and religious art was also effective. Romanesque buildings wanted to tell stories, similar to Gothic structures, with their buildings to let all citizens see the religious stories chiseled in stone.Many of the buildings had carved in stories that were Biblical in subject and included scenes such as the Creation and the Fall of Man (Notre). The tympanum on Vezelay Abbey, Burgundy, France (Vezelay), is a perfect example to fully grasp the detail and message of Romanesque exterior art. It shows the depictions of people lining up to enter heaven all facing Christ who remains in the center. Both themes were inclined in showing stories about the religion, and both succeeded leaving behind hundreds of tales o f a salvation and resurrection that will forever be marked in stone.In Gothic buildings were built with an attachment of ribbed vaults. Ribbed vaults were the most common vaults used in Gothic structures, with high vaulted ceiling it’s one of its most popular traits in their buildings. An example of these remarkable ceilings can be seen in the Bourges Cathedral in Bourges, France; this memorable Cathedral shows the perfect use of ribbed vaults. These vaulted ceilings were constructed for weight to be distributed throughout the structure and toward the ground, however an almost identical trait followed through Romanesque architecture.It was in ingenious ideas that in time lead to giving both themes an extraordinary way to distribute the buildings weight. However vaulted ceilings were not the only tools that helped support these old buildings. In Gothic structures pointed arches had become a very popular and common trait amongst their buildings. With the Gothic’s pointed arch it allowed for more height development since most of the pressure would return to the ground. The reason in Gothic structures it was common to see such height in their towers, because a majority of the weight was resting on the surface.While in Romanesque arches were rounded, mostly commonly known as a semi-circle arch. A very popular place to see these arches is at the Pont du Gard in Roman Gual. The semi-circle arches allowed for many gallons of water to flow to Rome, with the support of these strong arches it has been able to remain standing even through all these year. It is hard to imagine words to describe these structural themes. These architectural beauties have inspired and entertained millions throughout the world.Sending a message of power and wealth to all who look upon it, with so much alike Romanesque and Gothic will remain different from others and themselves. From the ribbed ceilings, unique window differences, majestic features, and innovative structural results. These great themes will live forever not just in physical form but in our imaginations, fully understanding the art like this cannot just be built over and over again. Bibliography page Notre-Dame De Paris. Notre-Dame De Paris. N. p. , n. d.

A Quiz on Treatment of 75 Compound Words

A Quiz on Treatment of 75 Compound Words A Quiz on Treatment of 75 Compound Words A Quiz on Treatment of 75 Compound Words By Mark Nichol Open, hyphenated, or closed? Usage guides, dictionaries, and style manuals may differ in their treatment of the following words, so there’s not necessarily one right answer except for the purposes of this exercise: Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. All terms in this list are treated as open compounds. Which ones should be left as is, and which should be hyphenated or closed, and in which usages? The correct forms according to Merriam-Webster are listed at the bottom of the page. 1. Air borne 2. Anti social 3. Audio visual 4. Back log 5. Blood pressure 6. Book keeping 7. Bull’s eye 8. By law 9. Catch all 10. Check book 11. Child like 12. Clearing house 13. Court martial 14. Crew neck 15. Cross reference 16. Dog sled 17. Father land 18. Far reaching 19. First hand 20. Free style 21. Freeze dried 22. Fresh water 23. Go between 24. Great uncle 25. Half brother 26. High school 27. Higher ups 28. House hold 29. Inter agency 30. Key word 31. Jewel like 32. Land mass 33. Life size 34. Light year 35. Long term 36. Lower case 37. Main frame 38. Mass produced 39. Mid week 40. Mother ship 41. Multi purpose 42. Near collision 43. North west 44. Off shore 45. On site 46. Over supply 47. Pine cone 48. Pipe line 49. Policy maker 50. Post war 51. Pre existing 52. President elect 53. Pro life 54. Pseudo intellectual 55. Quasi realistic 56. Real time 57. Record breaker 58. River bed 59. Sea coast 60. Self control 61. Semi final 62. Shell like 63. Six pack 64. Snow melt 65. Socio economics 66. Step mother 67. Stomach ache 68. Strong hold 69. Toll free 70. Two fold 71. Under water 72. Vice president 73. Wild life 74. World wide 75. Year round Answers 1. Airborne 2. Antisocial 3. Audiovisual 4. Backlog 5. Blood pressure (in the dictionary, so never hyphenate, except when combined with another adjective, as in â€Å"high-blood-pressure medication†) 6. Bookkeeping 7. Bull’s-eye 8. Bylaw 9. Catchall 10. Checkbook 11. Childlike 12. Clearinghouse 13. Court-martial 14. Crew neck (in the dictionary, so never hyphenate) 15. Cross-reference 16. Dogsled 17. Fatherland 18. Far-reaching 19. Firsthand 20. Freestyle 21. Freeze-dried 22. Freshwater 23. Go-between 24. Great-uncle 25. Half brother (in the dictionary, so never hyphenate) 26. High school (in the dictionary, so never hyphenate) 27. Higher-ups 28. Household 29. Interagency 30. Keyword 31. Jewel-like (because of the collision of two ls) 32. Landmass 33. Life-size 34. Light-year 35. Long term (hyphenate only when the phrase modifies a following noun) 36. Lowercase 37. Mainframe 38. Mass-produced 39. Midweek 40. Mother ship (in the dictionary, so never hyphenate) 41. Multipurpose 42. Near collision (hyphenate only when the phrase modifies a following noun) 43. Northwest 44. Offshore 45. On-site 46. Oversupply 47. Pinecone 48. Pipeline 49. Policymaker (not in the dictionary, but other -maker constructions, such as winemaker, are closed; if it looks wrong, leave it open) 50. Postwar 51. Preexisting 52. President-elect 53. Pro-life 54. Pseudo-intellectual (not in the dictionary, bust pseudo- constructions in which the second word starts with a vowel, such as pseudo-event, are hyphenated; those in which the second word starts with a consonant, such as pseudopod, are closed) 55. Quasirealistic (not in the dictionary, but most quasi- constructions, such as quasiperiodic, are closed; it if it looks wrong, hyphenate it) 56. Real time (hyphenate only when the phrase modifies a following noun) 57. Record breaker (not in the dictionary, but all other compounds with breaker, such as â€Å"circuit breaker,† are open) 58. Riverbed 59. Seacoast 60. Self-control 61. Semifinal 62. Shell-like (hyphenate only because of the collision of the ls) 63. Six-pack 64. Snowmelt 65. Socioeconomics 66. Stepmother 67. Stomachache 68. Stronghold 69. Toll free (hyphenate when the phrase modifies a following noun) 70. Twofold (but hyphenate with a number, as in 10-fold) 71. Underwater 72. Vice president (always open, though other compounds containing vice, such as vice-regent and viceroy, are treated differently) 73. Wildlife 74. Worldwide 75. Year-round Scoring guide 0-25 correct: Always look it up. 26-50 correct: Always look it up. 51-75 correct: Always look it up. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of RhymeThe Six Spellings of "Long E"13 Theatrical Terms in Popular Usage